1908 Mechanical/Electronic tech info

An inductor coil has a central core area, ( A ) with a constant or changing number of turns of wire per unit length, ( l ). So if a coil of N turns is linked by an amount of magnetic flux, Φ then the coil has a flux linkage of NΦ and any current, ( i ) that flows through the coil will produce an induced magnetic flux in the opposite direction to the flow of current. Then according to Faraday’s Law, any change in this magnetic flux linkage produces a self-induced voltage in the single coil which is in the opposite direction opposing the original flow.

Just as it says, "ANY" change in magnetic flux linkage be it increasing or decreasing will create a self induced voltage. So then we have the Figuera device specifically part G active inductor controller that does just that. It changes the flux linkage per each side of the brush either increasing it's winding count or decreasing it's winding count to set N and S which has just fulfilled the exact requirements to produce EMF according to Faraday in 1831.

If you increase the winding's within the time constant of the circuit as per the same amount of current flow you will have increased the magnetic flux associated with that circuit and since it was created within the circuit it self according to Lenz's Law, it will oppose the original flow that created it in the first place.

Of course you have to have the proper amount of winding's to do this. Doh !

Regards,
Marathonman

Resistors vs. Inductors

  Inductors do not behave the same way as resistors do. Whereas resistors simply oppose the flow of current through them (by dropping a voltage directly proportional to the current) and as such power is wasted in the form of heat which is NON recoverable. Inductors oppose changes in current through them by dropping a voltage directly proportional to the rate of change of current which is induced in the reverse direction. Remember increasing current increases stored potential decreasing voltage and decreasing current releases stored potential into the system increasing voltage.


In accordance with Lenz’s Law, this induced voltage is always of such a polarity as to try to maintain current at its present value. That is, if the current is increasing in magnitude, the induced voltage will “push against” the current flow; if the current is decreasing, the polarity will reverse and “push with” the current to oppose the decrease.

So as one would conclude from this statement that the more winding's you have per the given current the more inductance you will have. Increasing the size of the circuit will in fact according to Faraday's induction law increase the opposition to the original current flow. This is accomplished by magnetically linking each additional winding to the circuit increasing the overall inductance of the circuit thus decreasing current flow.

Negative Power?


But what does negative power mean? It means that the inductor is releasing power back to the circuit, while a positive power means that it is absorbing power from the circuit. Since the positive and negative power cycles are equal in magnitude and duration over time, the inductor releases just as much power back to the circuit as it absorbs over the span of a complete cycle.

What this means in a practical sense is that the reactance of an inductor dissipates net energy of zero, quite unlike the resistance of a resistor, which dissipates energy in the form of heat, (non recoverable). Mind you, this is for perfect inductors only, which have no wire resistance. all the energy feed into the inductor is not wasted like that of a resistor as it is stored into the magnetic field. Inductors store a magnetic field and capacitors store an electric field which both are considered kinetic energy.

Given any such current supply fed into an inductor it will oppose the change for only the time constant of the circuit then return to a steady state. but wait one moment, we do NOT have a static inductor in the Figuera device, what we have is an active inductor that has a moving positive brush that changes the size of the circuit of two feeds on a continuous basis and as such have ongoing induction change on both feeds or legs coming into part G from set N and set S.

Going back to the fact that all inductors store into the magnetic field and resistors waste potential in the form of heat non recoverable. Thus in the Figuera device we have an active inductor controller that is split into two halves and as such will control two feeds separately yet in complete unison all while storing and releasing potential at the same time from both halves. One is storing the other is releasing at the same time then vise verse continuously.

Since these actions are within the time constant of the circuit you end up having an orderly rise and fall of induction of both feeds which is the rise and fall of the opposition to the original current flow.

The end result is the most efficient way to control current flow on this planet and with two inductors in one, you have one feeding the other which offset the drop in voltage as it is storing into the field. Adding the secondary feedback into the system not only replaces losses occurred but give rise to amplification to the rising primaries to replace the loss of pressure from reducing one set of primaries to get the sweeping action across the secondary while the other is increased. This will maintain the compression of both fields as per your required output needs.

In this action of one primary rising and the other falling, both electric fields are in complete coherency..ie.. the same direction which support each other. Yet the same instances the magnetic fields are always opposing and in different direction. (spin) every half cycle there will be a polarity change as the direction of the induced is changed as in the direction of the electric field. Each primary occupy the secondary one at a time as the other field is pushed out of the secondary as the other is filling up the secondary then reducing creating the induction of the secondary.

There is no direct linking to the primaries like that of a transformer. It is a soft coupling on the reduction phase of the reducing primaries which induce the secondary therefore the lenz law is NOT applicable in this situation as there is no huge hunk of spinning iron. As the increasing primaries are filling up the secondaries the reducing primaries do not see this because they are OPPOSING in nature yet BOTH are accountable for the required pressure of induction of the secondaries.

Regards,
Marathonman

If you expand the circuit you increase the inductance which increases the inductive reactance which will oppose the original current flow even with a static current. Thus in the Figuera device controller you are using inductive reactance to control current flow of two feeds in complete unison all while storing and releasing said energies to aide the system not oppose it.

Resistor are a washout because they are completely wasteful as all heat generated is lost and NON RECOVERABLE.

So all you ney sayers have to ask your selves which would be more efficient in a system that needs to be a self runner. choose the heat death resistor or use an inductor that allows you to reuse the stored energy that was once used to control current flow.

I have to admit for me it was not a very hard choice to come to with such a logical conclusion. Expand the circuit, increase inductance, increase the opposition to the original current flow decreasing current flow, giving frequency to DC thus falls under inductive reactance.

FYI; "ANY" change in current flow how ever produced, falls under Inductive Reactance even if it was created by an increase in inductance or whether it was DC given frequency it is still Inductive Reactance.

EDIT; The positive rotating brush on the inductive controller is causing a time varying magnetic field through flux linking with the addition or subtraction of winding's. This in turn changes the inductance values which according to Faraday in 1831 " Any change in flux creates an EMF" and according to the Lenz law it will oppose the original as the voltage created is in the opposite direction. this is physics facts and as such can not be denied by anyone.

Irregardless of your opinion that DC can not be given frequency or that an inductor can not control current flow is completely irrelevant uneducated opinion in this situation that is completely backed by PHYSICS and FARADAY.

Regards,
Marathonman

Since the Magamp has a lot of inductive reactance on the AC winding without the control winding almost no current will flow. With the Figuera active inductor controller being DC operated the circuit has to be continuously increased and decreased to attain continuous ongoing induction thus the reason for the rotating positive brush. This rotating positive brush expands and contracts both circuits in complete unison yet completely opposite from each other. This action allows one feed to increase in current flow while the other is decreasing in current flow.
These action allow the Figuera active inductor controller to control two feeds coming from the two sets of electromagnets, which are wound specifically as electromagnets to attain the most intense magnetic field and speed of increase as possible allowing them to stay in unison with the constant current change from the controller. Please remember the controller controls the current flow NOT the primaries so please wind them specifically as electromagnets.

Bottom line is the Figuera active inductor controller is in a constant state of flux change from the increase and decrease of both circuits which according to Faraday in 1831 "ANY change in flux creates EMF" and according to the Lenz Law it will oppose the original current flow that created it in the first place.

Word of advice, when winding your active inductor controller the winding's need to be right next to each other to attain the highest proper inductance to control current flow which is exactly like a magamp and the inductive reactance properties within.

Regards,
Marathonman

"The Electromagnet,and Electromagnetic Mechanism" S.P.Thompson 1891.



To project or drive the magnetic lines across a wide intervening air-gap requires a large magnetizing force, on account of the great reluctance and the great leakage in such cases; and the great magnetizing force cannot be achieved with short cores, because there is not, with short cores, a sufficient length of iron to receive all the turns of wire that are in such a case essential. The long leg is wanted simply to carry the wire necessary to provide the requisite circulation of current. We now see how, in designing electromagnets, the length of the iron core is really determined; it must be long enough for to allow of the winding upon it of the wire which, without overheating, will carry the ampere-turns of exciting current which will suffice to force the requisite number of magnetic lines (allowing for leakage) across the reluctances in the useful path.

This is the reason for the 2:1 (or higher) ratio of primaries to secondaries to account for this added reluctances of not only the gap between them but the included air return path.
Also the resemblance of stacking magnets to achieve a higher magnetizing force, the sectioning of winding's in parallel will not only achieve this and yet at the same time increase the speed of the electromagnets to coincide with the fluctuating current. assembling the primary electromagnets specifically as electromagnets and the parallel winding technique will achieve this requirement yet you must account for the added reluctances of the air paths in your calculations and pressures needed between them to achieve your desired secondary output.


A rough and ready rule sometimes given for the size of wire is to allow of a 1/1000 th square inch per ampere. This is an absurd rule, however, as the figures in the table show. Under the heading 1000 amperes to square inch, it appears that if a No. 18 S.W.G. wire is used, it will at that rate carry 1.81 amperes ; that if there is only one layer of wire, it will only warm up 4.64 degrees Fahr., consequently one might wind layer after layer to a depth of 3.3 inches, without getting up to the limit of allowing one square inch per watt for the emission of heat In very few cases does one want to wind a coil so thick as 3.3 inches. For very few electromagnets is it needful that the layer of coil should exceed 1/2 an inch in thickness; and if the layer is going to be only 1/2 an inch thick, or about one-seventh of the 3.3, one may use a current density *V /7 times as great as 1000 amperes per square inch, without exceeding the limit of safe working. Indeed, with coils only 1/2 inch thick, one may safely employ a current density of 3000 amperes per square inch, owing to the assistance which the core gives for the dissipation and emission of heat.

Suppose, then, we have designed a horse-shoe magnet with a core 1 inch in diameter, and that after considering the work it has to do, it is found that a magnetizing power of 2400 ampere-turns is required ; suppose also that it is laid down that the coil must not warm up more than 50 degrees Fahr. above the surrounding air temp. what volume of coil will be required ? Assume first that the current will be I ampere ; then there will have to be 2400 turns of a wire which will carry 1 ampere. If we took a No. 20 S.W.G. wire, and wound it to a depth of 1\2 an inch, that would give 220 turns per inch length of coil ; so that a coil 11 inches long, and a little over 1/2 inch deep (or 10 layers deep) would give 2400 turns. Now Table XV. shows that if this wire were to carry 1.018 ampere, it would heat up 225 degrees Fahr., if wound to a depth of 3.9 inches. If wound to 1\2 inch, it would therefore heat up about 30 degrees Fahr. ; and with only 1 ampere would of course heat less.
This is too good ; try the next thinner wire. No. 22, S.W.G. wire, at 2000 amperes to square inch, will carry 1.23 ampere; and heats 225 degrees fahr if wound up 1.13 inch. If it is only to heat 50 degrees fahr it must not be wound more than 1\4 inch deep ; but if it only carries current of 1 ampere it may be wound a little deeper say to 14 layers. There will then be wanted a coil about 7 inches long to hold the 2400 turns. The wire will occupy about 3.85 square inches of total cross section ; and the volume of the space occupied by the winding will be 26.95 cubic inches. Two bobbins, each 3-1\2 inches long and 0.65 deep, to allow for 14 layers, will be suitable to receive the coils.

By the light of the knowledge one possesses as to the relation between emissivity of surface, rate of heating by current, and limiting temperatures, it is seen how little justification there is for such empirical rules as that which is often given, namely, to make the depth of coil equal to the diameter of the iron core. Consider this in relation to the following fact ; that in all those cases where leakage is negligible, the number of ampere-turns that will magnetize up a thin core to any prescribed degree of magnetization will magnetize up a core of any section whatever, and of the same length, to the same degree of magnetization. A rule that would increase the depth of copper proportionately to the diameter of the iron core is absurd. Where less accurate approximations are all that is needed,more simple rules can be given. Here are two cases;

Case I. Leakage assumed to be negligible.  Assume

B = 16.000, then H = 50 (see Table IV).

Hence the ampere turns per centimetre of iron will have to be 40, or per inch of iron, 102; for H is equal to I.2566 times the ampere-turns per centimetre. Now if the winding is not going to exceed 1\2 inch in depth, we may allow 4000 amperes per square inch without serious over-heating. And the 4000 ampere-turns will require a 2-inch length of coil, or each inch of coil carries 2000 ampere-turns without over-heating. Hence each inch of coil 1\2 inch deep will suffice to magnetize up 20 inches length of iron to the prescribed degree.


Case 2. Leakage assumed to be 50 per cent. Assume B in air gap = H = 8000, then to force this across requires ampere turns 6400 per centimetre of air, or 16,250 per inch of air.
Now if winding is not going to exceed 1\2 inch depth, each inch length of coil will carry 2000 ampere-turns. Hence, 8 inches length of coil 1\2 inch deep will be required for 1 inch length of air, magnetized up to the prescribed degree.

the later case #2 being more applicable to the Figuera device owing to the small core gap and the large return air path.

as one can gather i myself, as well as many other researchers/replicators had miss interpreted or rather underestimated the reluctances of the reluctant air paths and as such my electromagnet, in a larger form, had not enough force to project it's proper path of operation. i am recalculating the primaries for such a higher force of projection. i will be also incorporating sectional winding techniques with a larger amount of winding's, then paralleled.


I also ground the corners of the primary cores to alleviate the problem of winding a square corner, which by the way causes bulging of the winding at those points. this reduces the inductance and adds to the cost of more wire used. these reasons above are the sole contributor to replicators attaining such low inductances.




Regards,

Marathonman